Definition and Examples of Epenthesis

Definition and Examples of Epenthesis In phonology and phonetics, epenthesis is the insertion of an extra sound into a word. Adjective: epenthetic. Verb: epenthesize. Also known as intrusion or  anaptyxis. According to some linguists, vowel epenthesis is often motivated by the need to make consonant contrasts more distinct (The Handbook of Speech Perception, 2005). Etymology: From the Greek, putting in Pronunciation: eh-PEN-the-sis Examples and Observations In certain varieties [of English], a vowel breaks up the cluster (epenthesis): film becomes [filÉ™m] in Ireland, Scotland, and South Africa.(Elly van Gelderen, A History of the English Language. John Benjamins, 2006)The history of English provides examples [of epenthesis] like the development of aemtig into empty, with epenthetic p, and of à ¾unor into thunder, with epenthetic d. Non-standard pronunciations include athalete for athlete and fillum for film, with epenthetic vowels.(R.L. Trask, A Dictionary of Phonetics and Phonology. Routledge, 1996)Fambily for FamilyShe were gentle an sweet, an the mos beautiful creetur in allinin the place where we lived. An her fambily was that proud an aristocratic thet no one could tech em with a ten-foot pole.(L. Frank Baum, Aunt Janes Nieces at Millville, 1908)Athalete for AthleteThats the thing, said McCloud plaintively. A athalete has to keep up appearances. Sure, people think a athalete makes plenty, and he do on paper. But people never s top to think hes allus gotta keep up a expensive front.(Kurt Vonnegut, Player Piano, 1952) Mischeeveous for MischievousThe pronunciation (mis-chÄ“vÄ“-ɘs) is considered nonstandard  and is an example of intrusion, a phonological process that involves the addition or insertion of an extra sound. Mischievous is properly pronounced with three syllables, with the accent on the first syllable. The word is often misspelled with the suffix -ious, which matches the mispronunciation.(American Heritage Dictionaries, 100 Words Almost Everyone Confuses and Misuses. Houghton MIfflin Harcourt, 2004)  Ã‚  Vowels and Consonants-  Epenthetic sounds are not always vowels. For example, consider the two indefinite articles a and an. We know that a is used before consonant sounds and an is used before vowel sounds . . .. We may view this [n] as an epenthetic sound that breaks up a sequence of two vowels: a apple - an apple.(Anita K. Berry, Linguistic Perspectives on Language and Education. Greenwood, 2002)The Effects of Epenthesis on SpellingEpenthesis occurs frequently, both in legal and in lay language. The addition of an i before the t in speciality is an example. The pronunciation of jewelry as jewelery is a result of epenthesis, as is the pronunciation contentuous for contentious. Other examples of epenthesis: the ubiquitous relitor for realtor and that favorite of sports announcers, athalete for athlete.(Gertrude Block, Legal Writing Advice: Questions and Answers. William S. Hein, 2004)

Using the Spanish Verb Poder

Using the Spanish Verb Poder As one of the most common verbs in Spanish, poder means to be able; in its conjugated forms it is frequently translated as can or could. But partly because the English could can refer to the past, present or future, and partly because the preterite and conditional tenses of poder are often interchangeable, the use of poder isnt always straightforward. Like its English counterparts can and could, poder functions as an auxiliary verb, although in Spanish it is followed by an infinitive. With a few exceptions, most of which dont have counterparts in English, it cant stand alone. Keep in mind that poder is irregular. The -o- in the stem changes to -u- or -ue- when stressed, and the ending is shortened in the future and conditional tenses. Here are the various ways poder is used: In the Present Tense To Mean ‘Can’ or ‘May’ The present-tense forms of poder indicate the ability, either physical ability or having permission, to do something. It is distinguished from saber, which means to know how. Thus, while one may ask,  ¿Puedes tocar el piano hoy? (Can you play the piano today?), one normally would ask,  ¿Sabes tocar el piano? (Can you play the piano? or Do you know how to play the piano?). Puedo hacer lo que quiero. (I can do what I want.)No puede trabajar los domingos. (She cant work on Sundays.)No puedo ir al cine. (I cant go to the movies.) In the Future Tense To Mean ‘Will Be Able’​​ This is similar in usage to the present tense. Podrà © hacer lo que quiero. (Ill be able to do what I want.) No podr trabajar los domingos. (She wont be able to work on Sundays.) No podrà © ir al cine. (I wont be able to go to the movies.) In the Preterite or Imperfect To Mean ‘Could’ or ‘Was Able’ Which tense you use depends on whether the reference is to a one-time event (preterite) or something occurring over a period of time (imperfect). In the preterite, poder can have the sense of to manage to. Pudo salir. (He managed to leave.)No podà ­a salir. (He was unable to leave.)No pudo trabajar porque dormà ­a. (She couldnt work (that particular time) because she was sleeping.)No podà ­a trabajar porque dormà ­a con frecuencia. (She couldnt work because she was often sleeping.) To Make Polite Requests​​ As in English, such requests are made in the form of a question. Usually the conditional form of poder is used, but (while it may seem illogical) the imperfect also can be used.  ¿Podrà ­as darme un lpiz? (Could you give me a pencil?)  ¿Podà ­as darme un lpiz? (Could you give me a pencil?)  ¿Podrà ­a lavarme usted los platos? (Could you wash the dishes for me?)  ¿Podà ­a lavarme usted los platos? (Could you wash the dishes for me?) To Express Possibility or Suggestions​​ Either could, may, or might can be used to translate poder when it is used to indicate a possibility or offer a suggestion. In such cases, either the conditional form of poder or (again, seemingly illogically) the imperfect can be used. The imperfect form may be understood as more colloquial. Podrà ­amos ir al cine. (We could go to the movies.)Podà ­amos ir al cine. (We could go to the movies.)Podà ­a no haber salido. (He might not have left.)Podrà ­a no haber salido. (He might not have left.) To Express What Could Have Happened but Didn’t​​ The preterite is usually used in such cases, although the conditional can be used when directly criticizing somebody. Pudo salir a las tres. (She could have left at 3 oclock.)Pienso en lo que pudo ser. (Im thinking about what might have been.)Me lo podà ­as haber dicho. (You could have told me.) Poder  as a Noun The noun  poder  means power or authority. The adjective form is  poderoso, powerful. Related terms include  potente  (potent or powerful),  potencia  (power, potency, strength) and  potencial  (potential). Poder  Standing Alone as a Verb These are the main exceptions to the rule that  poder  must be followed by an infinitive: When the infinitive is implied by the context.  No  puedo.  (I cant.)  ¿Quià ©n  puede  ms? (Who can do more?)In the impersonal expression  puede  que, usually followed by a verb in the subjunctive, meaning perhaps or it is possible.  Puede  que  salga.  (Perhaps he will leave.)In the expression  poder  con, translated in various ways such as to manage or to cope.  No  puedo  con  ella. (I cant handle her.)  No  puedo  con  el  enojo.  (I cant deal with the anger.)In various expressions where it means roughly could do. La curiosidad pudo ms que el miedo (roughly, his curiosity overcame his fear).  No  pude  menos  que  dar gracias.  (I couldnt do anything less than giving thanks.)In the idiom  a ms no  poder, which means as much as possible or to the utmost. Jugaba a ms no poder.  (He played as hard as he could.)  Es  feo  a ms no  poder.  (Its as ugly as could be.)In the expression  Ã‚ ¿Se  puede?, mean ing Can I come in? Key Takeaways Although poder can be used alone, it most often is used an auxilary verb to mean can or be able to.As an auxiliary verb, poder is followed by an infinitive.The infinitive form, poder, can be used as a noun to refer to power or authority.

Derivatives and financial crisis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Derivatives and financial crisis - Assignment Example Such types of derivatives are used based on the type of risk exposure i.e. liquidity, financial, exchange rate risks, etc (Chisholm, 2011). Derivatives were used primarily to hedge risk, but over time people used it to make gains out of the price movements of the underlying assets. The purpose of using derivatives is incumbent on the investment objective. The price volatility of the underlying influenced various investor community to use derivative as a lucrative investment option. Earlier the use of derivatives was not popular, owing to its complexities it was not considered to be a feasible investment option. Over time, it was adopted by various investors to insure the various risks facing them. With various risk outcomes, the fluctuations in the price of the underlying assets made it volatile. Such price volatility attracted speculators, who engaged in the use of derivatives to earn profits. Speculations are done on both the up trends and down trends of the asset price movements. The impact of speculations is felt across the investor community i.e. the hedgers. Speculators gamble on the direction of the asset price m ovement. When a speculator feels that the price of the underlying asset will fall, he will short sell the stock or buy an option. When the price of the asset falls, he exercises the option or buys the underlying asset to make profit. Speculators leverage the vulnerability of the price movements of the asset to make gains. Though all types of derivatives cannot be used to speculate, but futures, options and swaps are lucrative avenues for speculators (Poitras, 2002). From the inception, starting in 1970’s and continuing through the ‘80’s and ‘90’s, the financial market evolved and made it a riskier place for trading. The interest rate changes, bonds and stock markets witnessed phases of increased volatility. Owing to such evolution of risk, investors and managers of financial institutions became wary and resorted to

Management in the News paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Management in the News - Research Paper Example However, from the period of 2007 Grady Memorial Hospital the charitable and training institution in Atlanta started suffering from a huge financial crisis. The huge financial crisis amounting to millions of dollars affected the operations of the hospital. However, the local and the national government have not taken any significant steps to help the hospital revive from the crisis. (Dewan & Sack, 2008) The Grady Memorial Hospital based in Atlanta share a nostalgic relationship with many Americans who have risen to higher positions in the country. In fact, the Grady Memorial Hospital had been the first home in the world to many people living in the region of Atlanta. The hospital observed to be a charitable organization caring for a host of immigrants, prisoners and low income groups is suffering from a financial crisis from the 2007 period. Management operations in the hospital are being carried on through a system of small financial packages obtained from various sources. The case of Grady earns similarity to other health organizations based in different areas of the United States like Memphis, Chicago and Miami. However, the magnitude of financial crisis has led Grady to surpass the distressful situation of around 1,300 hospitals operating in United States. The financial crisis loomed over Grady for the hospital operated on a traditional approach which failed to generate suffici ent funds to help the organization carry out its operations in an extensive manner. Grady Memorial Hospital renders maximum focus in the treatment of the patients belonging to the uninsured and immigrant groups. Moreover, the amounts received from the end of the insured patients also fail to suffice in meeting the operational costs. Further, the Grady Memorial Hospital faces huge competition from other private players operating in the health care arena of the country. The private hospitals and other non-profit health organizations earned high popularity in successfully rendering

Creation Stories of Babylon, Egypt, and Genesis Essay -- Creationism C

Creation myths of Babylon, Egypt, and Genesis There are many similarities in the Babylonian, Egyptian, and Genesis stories. In all the stories one god creates man and explains how all things on earth come to being. They also set up their calendars and show examples of evil within each story to set up moral rules for man to live by. How do these elements compare between each of these stories? In the Babylonian myth the God Marduk creates man from the blood of another god Kingu. â€Å"Blood will I compose, bring a skeleton into being, Produce a lowly, primitive creature, ‘Man’ shall be his name.† In Egyptian myth the God Rae creates man and takes this form. In the Genesis story there is only one God, he creates man in the image of himself. In the Babylonian and Egyptian stories, the major difference is they have many Gods. Also, in the Genesis story God creates man in his likeness, this might be the case with the Babylonian story, but that is not clear. The major similarity is that all three of the stories only have one God that creates mankind. All the stories show how things came onto the Earth and how it was made; they also set up their calendars at the same time. In the Babylonian story, Marduk is granted the power of speaking something and it will come to being and if he spoke it again it would come out of being. Marduk becomes king, greater than all the Gods, after slaying the God Tiamat. Then later the defeat and capture of Tiamat’s army and commander Kingu. â€Å"He ma...

Management Consultancy – Solutions Manual Chapter 19

MANAGEMENT CONSULTANCY – Solutions Manual CHAPTER 19 SOURCES OF INTERMEDIATE AND LONG-TERM FINANCING: DEBT AND EQUITY I. Questions 1. The bond agreement specifies such basic items as the par value, the coupon rate, and the maturity date. 2. The priority of claims can be determined as follows: senior secured debt, junior secured debt, senior debenture, subordinated debenture, preference shares, ordinary shares. 3. Bond conversion. 4. The advantages of debt are: a. Interest payments are tax deductible. b. The financial obligation is clearly specified and of a fixed nature. . In an inflationary economy, debt may be paid back with cheaper pesos. d. The use of debt, up to a prudent point, may lower the cost of capital to the firm. The disadvantages are: a. Interest and principal payment obligations are set by contract and must be paid regardless of economic circumstances. b. Bond indenture agreements may place burdensome restrictions on the firm. c. Debt, utilized beyond a given po int, may serve as a depressant on outstanding ordinary shares. 19-1 Chapter 19 Sources of Intermediate and Long-term Financing: Debt and EquityII. Multiple Choice 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. D D D B A C C E D B C D D A D 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. D C B A C A C B B B A A C C B 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. A C D A C C A A D C C A D B C Supporting computations: 16. Px = where Px Po N S = = = = value of a share5 (Po x N) + ex-rights market value of share rights-on N + 1 number of rights required to purchase one share subscription price per share Hence, Px = = = P72 360 (P75 x 4) + P60 5 the term loan: 5 18.The following schedule applies for Beginning Balance P5000 Interest x (1 – Tc ) P195 19-2 Principal Payment P1000 Ending Balance P4000 Year 1 Sources of Intermediate and Long-term Financing: Debt and Equity Chapter 19 2 3 4 5 4000 3000 2000 1000 156 117 78 39 1000 1000 1000 1000 3000 2000 10 00 -0- The present value of interest after taxes at 12% is calculated to be P453. 49. 19. After the tax benefit, the annual cost of leasing is P1,400 (1 – . 35) = P910. The present value annuity factor for four years at 12% is 3. 0373.The present value cost of the lease is the cost of the first payment plus the present value of the four future payments, or P910 + P910 (3. 0373) = P3,673. 94. 20. The present value annuity factor for five years at 12% is 3. 6048. Therefore, the present value of principal payments is P1,000 (3. 6048) = P3,604. 80. The present value cost of the purchase option is the present value of principal payments or P3,604. 80 plus P453. 49 which equals P4,058. 29. III. Problems PROBLEM 1 (CAM FURNITURE COMPANY) a. Proposal 1: 10 year 12 percent bonds CAM FURNITURE COMPANY 19-3Chapter 19 Sources of Intermediate and Long-term Financing: Debt and Equity Income P30,000 Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2005 3* Estimated sales levels Sales†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. P400,000 P600,000 P800,000 540,000 720,000 Operating costs †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 360,000 Operating income †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 40,000 60,000 80,000 14,000 14,000 Interest charges †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 14,000 Net income before taxes †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 26,000 46,000 66,000 23,000 33,000 Income taxes †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3,000 P 23,000 P 33,000 Net income†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. P 13,000 Outstanding shares = = 10,000 * EPS (P36 market value – price earnings ratio of 12) Earnings per share P1. 30 Price-earnings ratio 10 times Estimated market value P100,000 P13 33 – 1/3 Proposal 2: Ordinary share issue to yield P33-1/3 P2. 30 10 times P23 P3. 30 10 times P33 CAM FURNITURE COMPANY Income Statement For the Year Ended December 31, 2005 Sales†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Operating costs †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Operating income †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..Interest charges †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Net income before taxes †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Income taxes †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Net income†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Outstanding shares = Estimated sales levels P400,000 P600,000 P800,000 540,000 720,000 360,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 2,000 2,000 2,000 38,000 58,000 78,000 29,000 39,000 19,000 P 29,000 P 39,000 P 19,000 + 10,000 = 13,000 shares Earnings per share Price-earnings ratio Estimated market value P1. 46 12 times P17. 52 19-4 P2. 23 12 times P26. 76 P3. 00 12 times P36. 00Sources of Intermediate and Long-term Financing: Debt and Equity Chapter 19 b. Within the c onstraints of this problem, two possible objectives emerge: profit maximization as measured by earnings per share and wealth maximization as measured by the price of the ordinary shares. If profit maximization is used, the firm should choose to finance the new product by selling bonds, since earnings per share is higher for each of the three levels of sales. On the other hand, wealth maximization would require the sale of new ordinary shares because share price is higher at each sales level.Wealth maximization is the preferred criterion for financial decision making. Unlike profit maximization, it represents a measure of the total benefits stream to be enjoyed by the shareholders, adjusted for both the timing of benefits and the risk associated with the receipt thereof. A criterion that ignores these two important determinants of value cannot be expected to provide a proper guide to decision making. Because wealth maximization is the preferred objective, the sale of ordinary shares is the recommended financing technique. c.Proposal 2 would still be the choice, because the market value remains above that of Proposal 1. The difference is getting smaller, however, which means that Proposal 1 would become attractive if sales reached a higher level (approximately P1. 6 million). d. The investment banker would suggest that lower price-earnings ratio with debt financing is a reflection of the greater returns demanded by shareholders in compensation for the variability in earnings and higher risk of bankruptcy created by the fixed commitment to pay debt interest and principal.PROBLEM 2 (FAYE INDUSTRIES, INC. ) Faye Industries Inc. Pro Forma Consolidated Income Statement Including Earnings per Common Share and Return on Average Common Shareholders’ Equity For the Year Ending November 30, 2006 (P000 omitted except per share amounts) (1) Issuing (2) Selling Long-term Preference (3) Selling Ordinary 19-5 Chapter 19 Sources of Intermediate and Long-term Financing: D ebt and Equity Bonds P12,978 1,273 1,530 2,083 10,175 4,070 6,105 Shares P12,978 1,273 1,273 11,705 4,682 7,023 1,658 5,365 55,028 P60,393 Shares P12,978 1,273 1,273 11,705 4,682 7,023Earnings before interest and taxes Interest on Current debt (P13,395 x 9. 5%) Alternative 1 (P15,300 x 10%) Total interest Income before income tax Income taxes (40%) Net income Preference share dividends (P15,300,000 P120) x 13% Earnings available to common shareholders Add: Common shareholders’ equity December 1, 1999 Equity financing Common shareholders’ equity November 30, 2000 Average common shares outstanding (in thousands) December 1, 1999 balance Additional issued December 1 Total (and average) shares outstanding Pro forma earnings per share (P6,105 P0) 26,330 (P7,023 P1,658) 26,330 (P7. 23 P0) 33,980 6,105 55,028 P61,133 7,023 55,028 15,300 P77,351 26,330 26,330 26,330 26,330 26,330 7,650 33,980 = = = P0. 2319 P0. 2038 P0. 2067 Estimated return on average common shareholders†™ equity P6,105 [(P55,028 P61,133) 2] = P5,365 [(P55,028 P60,393) 2] = P7,023 [(P70,328 P77,351) 2] = 10. 51% 9. 30% 9. 511% 19-6

Admiral Jesse B. Oldendorf in World War II